Tutorial V:
Covers SPARQL Extensions for:
Aggregates, Date Arithmetic, Updates, Deletes,
Sub-queries, Path Expressions and Inference Rules

Live Instances

All the queries in this tutorial can be verified against the following live instances:

http://lod.openlinksw.com (LOD Cloud Cache);
http://dbpedia.org;
http://dbpedia-live.openlinksw.com;
http://uriburner.com.

For each of these instances you have /sparql (basic SPARQL Endpoint) and /isparql (SPARQL Query By Example UI and Endpoint).

Sub-Queries

Sub-queries

Scalar Subquery and Existence

## Find a Person Entities named "Stefan Jenkner"
## that knows at least on person named "Christin":

SELECT ?x
WHERE
  {
    ?x  foaf:name  "Stefan Jenkner"  .
    FILTER
      (
        bif:exists
          ( (
             SELECT *
             WHERE
               {
                 ?x  foaf:knows  ?y      .
                 ?y  foaf:name   "Christin"
               }
          ) )
      )
  }

## See LOD live results.

Nested DISTINCT subquery with Scalars and Order By

## "Nested DISTINCT subquery
## with Scalars and Order By":

SELECT DISTINCT ?n
  ((
     SELECT COUNT (*)
     WHERE
       {
         ?p   foaf:interest  ?i  .
         ?ps  foaf:interest  ?i
       }
  ))
  ((
     SELECT COUNT (*)
     WHERE
       {
         ?p  foaf:interest  ?i
       }
  ))
WHERE
  {
    ?ps  foaf:nick  "brisch"@en  .
    {
      SELECT DISTINCT ?p ?psi
      WHERE
        {
          ?p    foaf:interest  ?i .
          ?psi  foaf:interest  ?i
        }
     } .
     FILTER
       (
         ?ps  =  ?psi
       )
       ?p  foaf:nick  ?n
  }
ORDER BY DESC 2
LIMIT 50

## See LOD live results.

Distinctive Shared Interests

## "Find pairs of people interested
## in the same specialty where the two people
## do not know each other":

SELECT ?i
       ?cnt
       ?n1
       ?n2
       ?p1
       ?p2
WHERE
  {
    {
      SELECT ?i
             COUNT (*) AS ?cnt
      WHERE
        {
          ?p  foaf:interest  ?i
        }
      GROUP BY ?i
    }
    FILTER
      (
        ?cnt  >  1
        &&
        ?cnt  <  10
      ) .
    ?p1  foaf:interest  ?i  .
    ?p2  foaf:interest  ?i  .
    FILTER
      (
        ?p1  !=  ?p2
        &&
        !bif:exists
          ((
             SELECT (1)
             WHERE
               {
                 ?p1  foaf:knows  ?p2
               }
          )) &&
        !bif:exists
          ((
             SELECT (1)
             WHERE
               {
                 ?p2  foaf:knows  ?p1
               }
          ))
      ) .
    ?p1  foaf:nick  ?n1  .
    ?p2  foaf:nick  ?n2
  }
ORDER BY ?cnt
LIMIT 10

## See LOD live results.

SPARQL Subquery for enabling literal values based joins: Variant I

## "Use subqueries to enable literal values based joins:"

PREFIX nie: <http://www.semanticdesktop.org/ontologies/nie#>
PREFIX nao: <http://www.semanticdesktop.org/ontologies/nao#>

SELECT DISTINCT ?r
WHERE
  {
    graph ?g
      {
        ?r nie:url ?url .
      } .
    ?g nao:maintainedBy ?app .
    FILTER (?app = (SELECT ?a WHERE { ?a nao:identifier "nepomukindexer" }))
  }

SPARQL Subquery for enabling literal values based joins: Variant II

## "Use subqueries to enable literal values based joins:"

PREFIX nie: <http://www.semanticdesktop.org/ontologies/nie#>
PREFIX nao: <http://www.semanticdesktop.org/ontologies/nao#>

SELECT DISTINCT ?r
WHERE
  {
    graph ?g
      {
        ?r nie:url ?url .
      } .
    ?g nao:maintainedBy
     `(
        SELECT ?a
        WHERE
          {
            ?a nao:identifier "nepomukindexer"
          }
     )` .
  }

Path Expressions

The same query could be written:

SELECT ?fname
       ?mbox
WHERE
  {
     ?x   foaf:knows  ?f       .
     OPTIONAL
       {
         ?f  foaf:mbox   ?mbox
       }  .
     ?f   foaf:name   ?fname   .
     ?x   foaf:name   "Melvin Carvalho"  .
     ?x   foaf:knows  ?f2      .
     ?f2  foaf:name   "Michael Hausenblas"
  }

## See LOD live results.

Full Text Queries & Text Scores Filtering

Text Scores

## "Text Scores
## incorporated into SPARQL":

SELECT *
WHERE
  {
    ?s ?p ?o .
    ?o bif:contains 'NEW AND YORK'
    OPTION (score ?sc) .
  }
ORDER BY DESC (?sc)
LIMIT 10

## See dbpedia live results.

## See LOD live results.

Entity Ranking & Score

Entity Ranking

## "Entity Ranking":

PREFIX yago: <http://dbpedia.org/class/yago/>
PREFIX prop: <http://dbpedia.org/property/>

SELECT DISTINCT ?s2 AS ?c1
       ( <LONG::IRI_RANK> (?s2) ) AS ?Rank
WHERE
  {
    ?s1 ?s1textp ?o1 .
    ?o1 bif:contains 'Shakespeare' .
    ?s1 a yago:Writer110794014 .
    ?s2 prop:writer ?s1
  }
ORDER BY DESC ( <LONG::IRI_RANK> (?s2) )

## See dbpedia live results.

## See LOD live results.

Entity Ranking and Score

## Searching over labels, with text match
## scores and additional ranks for each
## iri / resource:

SELECT ?s ?page ?label
      ?textScore AS ?Text_Score_Rank
      ( <LONG::IRI_RANK> (?s) ) AS ?Entity_Rank
WHERE
  {
    ?s foaf:page ?page .
    ?s rdfs:label ?label .
    FILTER( lang( ?label ) = "en" ) .
    ?label bif:contains 'adobe and flash'
    OPTION (score ?textScore ) .
   }

## See LOD live results.

XCONTAINS & IN Operator

XCONTAINS

## "xcontains usage":

SELECT *
FROM <http://mygraph.com>
WHERE
  {
    ?s ?p ?o .
    ?o bif:xcontains "//Hello[text-contains (., 'world')]"
  }

Operator IN

## "Operatior IN usage":

SELECT ?s1 ?s2 COUNT (1)
WHERE
  {
    ?s1 ?p ?o .
    FILTER (
             ?s1 IN
              (
                <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Climate_change>,
                <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Disaster_risk_reduction>,
                <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Tanzania>,
                <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Capacity_building>,
                <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Poverty>,
                <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Construction>,
                <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Vulnerability>,
                <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Mount_Kilimanjaro>,
                <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Social_vulnerability>
              )
            )
    ?s2 ?p ?o .
    FILTER (
             ?s2 IN
             (
               <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Climate_change>,
               <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Disaster_risk_reduction>,
               <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Tanzania>,
               <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Capacity_building>,
               <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Poverty>,
               <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Construction>,
               <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Vulnerability>,
               <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Mount_Kilimanjaro>,
               <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Social_vulnerability>
             )
           )
    FILTER ( ?s1 != ?s2 )
    FILTER ( str( ?s1 ) < str ( ?s2 ) )
  }
LIMIT 20

## See dbpedia live results.

## See LOD live results.

Negation

Negation: DISTINCT

SELECT DISTINCT ?x ?o
WHERE
  {
    ?x a foaf:Agent .
    ?x ?p ?o .
    FILTER (
            !bif:exists
              (
                (
                  SELECT (1)
                  WHERE
                    {
                      ?x a foaf:Person
                    }
                )
              )
           )
  }
LIMIT 10

## See LOD live results.

Negation: DESCRIBE

DESCRIBE ?x
WHERE
  {
    ?x a foaf:Agent .
    FILTER (
            !bif:exists
              (
                (
                  SELECT (1)
                  WHERE
                    {
                      ?x a foaf:Person
                    }
                )
              )
           )
  }
LIMIT 200

## See LOD live results.

Aggregates

MAX

## "Find which town or city in
## the UK has the largest proportion of students":

PREFIX dbpedia-owl: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/>
PREFIX dbpedia-owl-uni: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/University/>
PREFIX dbpedia-owl-inst: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/EducationalInstitution/>

SELECT ?town COUNT(?uni)
       ?pgrad ?ugrad
       MAX(?population)
       ( ((?pgrad+?ugrad)/ MAX(?population))*100 ) AS ?percentage
WHERE
  {
    ?uni dbpedia-owl-inst:country dbpedia:United_Kingdom ;
                         dbpedia-owl-uni:postgrad ?pgrad ;
                        dbpedia-owl-uni:undergrad ?ugrad ;
                             dbpedia-owl-inst:city ?town .
    OPTIONAL
        {
          ?town dbpedia-owl:populationTotal ?population .
          FILTER (?population > 0 )
        }
  }
GROUP BY ?town ?pgrad ?ugrad
HAVING ( ( ( (?pgrad+?ugrad)/ MAX(?population) )*100 ) > 0 )
ORDER BY DESC 6

SUM

## "Aggregate Distance Values Over Years":

PREFIX dst: <http://linkedgeodata.org/vocabulary#>
PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>
SELECT (bif:year( bif:stringdate(?sdate)) AS ?syear)
       (bif:sum( bif:number(?dist)) AS ?distance)
FROM <urn:dates:distances>
WHERE
  {
    ?row dc:date ?sdate .
    ?row dst:distance ?dist
  }
GROUP BY (bif:year(bif:stringdate(?sdate)))
ORDER BY ASC(bif:year(bif:stringdate(?sdate)))

Date Arithmetic

Calculate Age based on Birth and Death Dates

## "Sample listing of musicians that includes age at time of death":

SELECT ?s ?genre ?died ?born
   (bif:datediff('year', xsd:dateTime(str(?born)), xsd:dateTime(str(?died)))) AS ?age
WHERE
  {
    {
      SELECT DISTINCT ?s ?genre ?died ?born
      FROM <http://dbpedia.org>
      WHERE
        {
          ?s a <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/MusicalArtist> ;
                <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/genre> ?genre ;
             <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/deathDate> ?died ;
             <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/birthDate> ?born .
        }
      LIMIT 20
    }
  }

## See dbpedia live results.

## See LOD live results.

Calculated Death Age using Data Cleansed Dates

## "Sample listing of musicians (includes use of
## IF for data cleansing) that includes age at time of death ":

SELECT ?person ?genre ?died ?born
       (
         IF
           (
             ( datatype (?born) in (xsd:dateTime, xsd:date) )
             and
             ( datatype (?died) in (xsd:dateTime, xsd:date) ),
             bif:datediff
               (
                 'year',
                 xsd:dateTime( str(?born) ),
                 xsd:dateTime( str(?died) )
               ),
             "error"
           )
       ) AS ?age
WHERE
  {
    {
      SELECT DISTINCT ?person ?genre ?died ?born
      FROM <http://dbpedia.org>
      WHERE
        {
          ?person a <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/MusicalArtist> ;
          <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/genre> ?genre ;
          <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/deathDate> ?died ;
          <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/birthDate> ?born .
        }
      ORDER BY DESC ( <LONG::IRI_RANK> (?person) )
      LIMIT 100
    }
  }

## See dbpedia live results.

## See LOD live results.

Calculate Age and Order by Entity Rank

## "Sample listing of musicians that includes birth date, death date,
## and age ordered by musicians entity rank ":

SELECT DISTINCT ?person ?plabel ?genre ?glabel ?died
    ?born ( <LONG::IRI_RANK> (?person) ) as ?rank
    (
      IF
        (
          ( datatype (?born) in (xsd:dateTime, xsd:date) )
          and
          ( datatype (?died) in (xsd:dateTime, xsd:date) ),
          bif:datediff
            (
              'year',
              xsd:dateTime( str(?born) ),
              xsd:dateTime( str(?died) )
            ),
          "error"
        )
    ) AS ?age
WHERE
  {
    {
      SELECT DISTINCT ?person ?plabel ?genre ?glabel ?died ?born
      FROM <http://dbpedia.org>
      WHERE
        {
          ?person a <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/MusicalArtist> ;
                     <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/genre> ?genre ;
                  <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/deathDate> ?died ;
                                             rdfs:label ?plabel ;
                  <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/birthDate> ?born .
          ?genre rdfs:label ?glabel .
          FILTER (lang(?plabel) = "en")
          FILTER (lang(?glabel) = "en")
        }
      ORDER BY DESC ( <LONG::IRI_RANK> (?person) )
      LIMIT 100
    }
  }

## See dbpedia live results.

## See LOD live results.

Calculate Average Death Age

## "Sample listing of musicians that includes
## average age at time of death, by genre":

SELECT ?genre, (avg(?age)) AS ?avg
WHERE
  {
    {
      SELECT DISTINCT ?genre ?person
        (
          bif:datediff
            (
              'year',
              xsd:dateTime( str(?born) ),
              xsd:dateTime( str(?died) )
            )
        ) as ?age
      WHERE
        {
          {
            SELECT DISTINCT ?person ?genre ?died ?born
            FROM <http://dbpedia.org>
            WHERE
              {
                ?person a <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/MusicalArtist> ;
                           <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/genre> ?genre ;
                        <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/deathDate> ?died ;
                        <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/birthDate> ?born .
                FILTER ( datatype (?born) IN (xsd:dateTime, xsd:date) )
                FILTER ( datatype (?died) IN (xsd:dateTime, xsd:date) )
              }
          }
        }
    }
  }
GROUP BY (?genre)
ORDER BY DESC (?avg)
LIMIT 100

Calculate Average Death Age with Entity Rank

## "Sample listing of musicians that includes
## average age at time of death with entity rank, by genre":

SELECT ?genre, (avg(?age)) AS ?avg,
    ( <LONG::IRI_RANK> (?person) ) as ?rank
WHERE
  {
    {
      SELECT DISTINCT ?genre ?person
        (
          bif:datediff
            (
              'year',
              xsd:dateTime( str(?born) ),
              xsd:dateTime( str(?died) )
            )
        ) as ?age
      WHERE
        {
          {
            SELECT DISTINCT ?person ?genre ?died ?born
            FROM <http://dbpedia.org>
            WHERE
              {
                ?person a <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/MusicalArtist> ;
                           <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/genre> ?genre ;
                        <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/deathDate> ?died ;
                        <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/birthDate> ?born .
                FILTER ( datatype (?born) IN (xsd:dateTime, xsd:date) )
                FILTER ( datatype (?died) IN (xsd:dateTime, xsd:date) )
              }
          }
        }
      ORDER BY DESC ( <LONG::IRI_RANK> (?person) )
    }
  }
ORDER BY DESC (?avg)
LIMIT 100

Calculate Average Death Age with Entity Rank and Pretty Labels

## "Sample listing of musicians that includes
## average age at time of death with entity rank,
## by genre and pretty labels":

SELECT ?genre, str(?glabel) as ?genre_names, (avg(?age)) AS ?avg,
    ( <LONG::IRI_RANK> (?person) ) as ?rank
WHERE
  {
    {
      SELECT DISTINCT ?genre ?person ?glabel
        (
          IF
            (
              ( datatype (?born) in (xsd:dateTime, xsd:date) )
              and
              ( datatype (?died) in (xsd:dateTime, xsd:date) ),
              bif:datediff
                (
                  'year',
                  xsd:dateTime(str(?born)),
                  xsd:dateTime(str(?died))
                ),
                "error"
        ) as ?age
      WHERE
        {
          {
            SELECT DISTINCT ?person ?genre ?glabel ?died ?born
            FROM <http://dbpedia.org>
            WHERE
              {
                ?person a <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/MusicalArtist> ;
                           <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/genre> ?genre ;
                        <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/deathDate> ?died ;
                        <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/birthDate> ?born .
                FILTER ( datatype (?born) IN (xsd:dateTime, xsd:date) )
                FILTER ( datatype (?died) IN (xsd:dateTime, xsd:date) )
                ?genre rdfs:label ?glabel .
                FILTER ( lang(?glabel) = "en" ) .
                FILTER (?born < ?died) .
              }
          }
        }
      ORDER BY DESC ( <LONG::IRI_RANK> (?person) )
    }
  }
ORDER BY DESC (?avg)
LIMIT 100

Average Age, Entity Rank, Grouping and Pretty Labels

## "Sample listing of musicians that includes
## Entity Rank, Grouping and Pretty Labels":

SELECT DISTINCT ?person str(?plabel) ?genre str(?glabel)
    ?died ?born ( <LONG::IRI_RANK> (?person) ) as ?rank
    (
      IF
        (
          ( datatype (?born) in (xsd:dateTime, xsd:date) )
          and
          ( datatype (?died) in (xsd:dateTime, xsd:date) ),
          bif:datediff
            (
              'year',
              xsd:dateTime(str(?born)),
              xsd:dateTime(str(?died))
            ),
            "error"
        )
    ) AS ?age
WHERE
  {
    {
      SELECT DISTINCT ?person ?plabel ?genre ?glabel ?died ?born
      FROM <http://dbpedia.org>
      WHERE
        {
          ?person a <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/MusicalArtist> ;
                     <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/genre> ?genre ;
                  <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/deathDate> ?died ;
                                             rdfs:label ?plabel ;
          <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/birthDate> ?born .
          ?genre rdfs:label ?glabel .
          FILTER ( lang(?plabel) = "en" )
          FILTER ( lang(?glabel) = "en" )
        }
      ORDER BY DESC ( <LONG::IRI_RANK> (?person) )
      LIMIT 100
    }
  }

## See dbpedia live results.

## See LOD live results.

Using bif:dateadd in selective Index-Friendly Filter

## "Index-friendly filter for Date range ( bif:dateadd ) within SPARQL query":

SELECT ?wiki,
    ?dbp,
    bif:datediff('second', xsd:DateTime(str(?extracted)) , now()) AS ?secondsAgo
WHERE
  {
    ?wiki foaf:primaryTopic ?dbp .
    ?dbp <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/activeYearsEndDate> ?extracted .
    FILTER ( xsd:DateTime(str(?extracted)) > bif:dateadd('minute', -10, now()))
  }
ORDER BY DESC (xsd:DateTime(str(?extracted)))
LIMIT 30

## See dbpedia live results.

## See LOD live results.

Text Search

SQL and TEXT Search

## "Find best lang matching City,
## containing "London" in its name":

SELECT DISTINCT ?cityUri ?cityName
  (
    sql:BEST_LANGMATCH ( ?cityName,
                         'en, en-gb;q=0.8, fr;q=0.7, *;q=0.1',
                         ''
                       )
  ) as ?bestCityName
WHERE
{
  ?cityUri ?predicate ?value.
  ?cityUri a <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/City>.
  ?value bif:contains "London".
  OPTIONAL
   {
    ?cityUri rdfs:label ?cityName
   }
}

## See dbpedia live results.

## See LOD live results.

Extending SPARQL via SQL for Full Text search: Variant I

##"Find all albums using parts of the Album Name":

SELECT ?s ?o ?an ( bif:search_excerpt ( bif:vector ( 'In', 'Your' ) , ?o ) )
WHERE
{
  ?s rdf:type mo:Record .
  ?s foaf:maker ?a .
  ?a foaf:name ?an .
  ?s dc:title ?o .
  FILTER ( bif:contains ( ?o, '"in your"' ) )
}
LIMIT 10

## See LOD live results.

Extending SPARQL via SQL for Full Text search: Variant II

## "Find all movies from DBpedia
## where Title contains the words:
## 'Broken' and 'Flowers'":

SELECT ?s ?an ?dn ?o( bif:search_excerpt ( bif:vector ( 'Broken', 'Flowers' ) , ?o ) )
WHERE
{
  ?s rdf:type dbpedia-owl:Film .
  ?s dbpprop:name ?o .
  FILTER ( bif:contains ( ?o, '"broken flowers"' ) )
  OPTIONAL { ?s dbpprop:starring ?starring . }
  OPTIONAL { ?s dbpprop:director ?director . }
  OPTIONAL { ?starring dbpprop:name ?an . }
  OPTIONAL { ?director dbpprop:name ?dn . }
}
LIMIT 100

## See dbpedia live results.

## See LOD live results.

Dates Manipulation

Date manipulation for xsd types within SPARQL

## This example shows usage of dateTime column
truncation to date only and performs a group by
on this column

## Insert some triples in a graph:
INSERT INTO GRAPH <http://BookStore.com>
{
  <http://www.dajobe.org/foaf.rdf#i> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title> "SPARQL and RDF" .
  <http://www.dajobe.org/foaf.rdf#i> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/date> <1999-01-01T00:00:00>.
  <http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card#i> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title> "Design notes" .
  <http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card#i> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/date> <2001-01-01T00:00:00>.
  <http://www.w3.org/People/Connolly/#me> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title> "Fundamentals of Compiler Design" .
  <http://www.w3.org/People/Connolly/#me> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/date> <2002-01-01T00:00:00>.
  <http://www.ivan-herman.net/foaf.rdf#me> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title> "RDF Store" .
  <http://www.ivan-herman.net/foaf.rdf#me> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/date> <2001-03-05T00:00:00>.
  <http://bblfish.net/people/henry/card#me> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title> "Design RDF notes" .
  <http://bblfish.net/people/henry/card#me> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/date> <2001-01-01T00:00:00>.
  <http://hometown.aol.com/chbussler/foaf/chbussler.foaf#me> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title> "RDF Fundamentals" .
  <http://hometown.aol.com/chbussler/foaf/chbussler.foaf#me> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/date> <2002-01-01T00:00:00>.
};

## Find Count of Group by Dates
SELECT (xsd:date(bif:subseq(str(?a_dt), 0, 10))), count(*)
FROM <http://BookStore.com>
WHERE
{
  ?s <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/date> ?a_dt
}
GROUP BY ( xsd:date( bif:subseq( str( ?a_dt ), 0, 10 ) ) )

## See LOD live results.

Date Range within SPARQL

## This example shows usage of date range

SELECT ?s ?date
WHERE
{
?s ?p ?date .
FILTER ( ?date >= "19450101"^^xsd:date && ?date <= "19451231"^^xsd:date )
}
LIMIT 100

## See dbpedia live results.

## See LOD live results.

Date with range Example II

## This example shows usage of date with bif:contains

SELECT DISTINCT ?s ?date
WHERE
{
  ?s ?p ?date .
  FILTER( ?date >= xsd:date("1945-01-01")
       && ?date < xsd:date("1946-01-01")
       && (str(?p) != str(rdfs:label)) )
}
LIMIT 30

## See dbpedia live results.

## See LOD live results.

Calling SQL from SPARQL

Calling SQL from SPARQL via "sql" namespace prefix

## "Calling SQL from SPARQL via use of sql: namespace prefix":

create procedure DB.DBA.ComposeInfo (
  in pname varchar,
  in pnick varchar := '',
  in pbox varchar := '' )
  {
    declare ss varchar;
    ss := concat(pname, ' ', pnick, ' ', pbox);
    ss := rtrim (ss, ' ');
    return ss;
  };

GRANT EXECUTE ON DB.DBA.ComposeInfo to SPARQL_SELECT;

PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>

SELECT ( sql:ComposeInfo ( ?name, ?nick, ?box ) )
FROM <http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card>
WHERE
  {
    ?s rdf:type foaf:Person .
    OPTIONAL { ?s foaf:name ?name } .
    OPTIONAL { ?s foaf:nick ?nick } .
    OPTIONAL { ?s foaf:box ?box } .
    FILTER ( ?nick like '%TimBL%' ) .
  }

## See LOD live results.

Calling SQL from SPARQL via "bif" namespace prefix

## "bif: namespace prefix":

SELECT *
WHERE
  {
    ?s ?p ?o .
    ?o bif:contains '"Timo*"'
  }
LIMIT 100

## See dbpedia live results.

## See LOD live results.

SPARUL Features

DESCRIBE

## "Pragma for Controlling SPARUL DESCRIBE behaviour
## e.g. Concise Bound Graphs":

DEFINE sql:describe-mode "CBD"
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>

DESCRIBE ?friend
WHERE
  {
    ?s foaf:knows ?friend .
    ?friend foaf:nick ?nick .
    FILTER ( ?s =
        <http://melvincarvalho.com/#me> )
  }
LIMIT 100

## See LOD live results.

INSERT

## "Pragma for Controlling SPARQL INSERT behaviour":

DEFINE input:default-graph-uri <http://mygraph.com>

INSERT INTO <http://mygraph.com>
  {
    <http://myopenlink.net/dataspace/Kingsley#this>
    <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type>
    <http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#User>
  }

INSERT via CONSTRUCT

## "Use of SPARUL CONSTRUCT to add triples to a Named Graph:
## 1) Execute a CONSTRUCT query.
## 2) View the generated triples to ensure they are correct.
## 3) Replace CONSTRUCT with INSERT INTO."

-- The CONSTRUCT query:
CONSTRUCT
  {
    ?s <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#equivalentClass>
      `iri (bif:replace(?o,'http://schema.rdfs.org/', 'http://schema.org/'))`
  }
FROM <http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/rdfs>
WHERE
  {
    ?s <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#equivalentClass> ?o
  }

-- Replaced CONSTRUCT with INSERT INTO:
SPARQL INSERT INTO <http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/rdfs>
  {
    ?s <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#equivalentClass>
      `iri (bif:replace(?o,'http://schema.rdfs.org/', 'http://schema.org/'))`
  }
FROM <http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/rdfs>
WHERE
  {
    ?s <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#equivalentClass> ?o
  }

LOAD

## "Pragma for Controlling SPARQL LOAD behaviour":

SPARQL
load bif:concat (
                  "http://", bif:registry_get("URIQADefaultHost"),
                  "/DAV/n3_collection/kidehen.n3"
                )
INTO GRAPH <http://mygraph.com>

DELETE

## "Pragma for Controlling SPARQL DELETE behaviour":

PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>
PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>

DELETE FROM GRAPH <http://BookStore.com> { ?book ?p ?v }
WHERE
  {
    GRAPH <http://BookStore.com>
      {
        ?book dc:date ?date
        FILTER (
                 xsd:dateTime( ?date ) <
                 xsd:dateTime( "2000-01-01T00:00:00" )
               ).
        ?book ?p ?v.
      }
  }

UPDATE

## "Pragma for Controlling SPARQL UPDATE behaviour"
## convert all properties to string:

INSERT INTO GRAPH <http://ucb.com/nbeabase>
  {
    ?sa <http://ucb.com/nbeabase/resource/sampleId> `str (?oa)`
  }
WHERE
  {
    ?sa <http://ucb.com/nbeabase/resource/chemAbsNo> ?oa . FILTER REGEX (?oa, '-','i')
  }

MODIFY

## "MODIFY GRAPH usage as form of UPDATE operation:"

MODIFY GRAPH <http://schema.org/docs/schemaorg>
DELETE { ?s ?p ?o}
INSERT
  {
    `iri (bif:concat (str (?s), "#this"))` ?p ?o
  }
FROM <http://schema.org/docs/schemaorg>
WHERE
  {
    ?s ?p ?o .
    ?s <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class> .
    FILTER ( !isblank (?s) )
  }

SPARQL 1.1 Features

NOT EXISTS

## "NOT EXISTS usage:"

SELECT COUNT(*)
WHERE
{
?s ?p "Novosibirsk" .
FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?s ?p "Новосибирск" }
}

## See LOD live results.

MINUS

## "MINUS usage:"

SELECT COUNT(*)
WHERE
{
?s ?p "Novosibirsk" .
FILTER MINUS { ?s ?p "Новосибирск" }
}

## See LOD live results.

DELETE Triple Patterns that are Not Scoped to a Named Graph

## "DELETE Triple Patterns that are Not Scoped to a Named Graph:"

## "Presuming this triple exists in one or more graphs in the store:"

  {
    <http://kingsley.idehen.net/dataspace/person/kidehen#this>
      <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows>
        <http://id.myopenlink.net/dataspace/person/KingsleyUyiIdehen#this>
  }

## The SQL query below will delete that triple
## from all graphs in the store:

DELETE
  FROM DB.DBA.RDF_QUAD
WHERE p = iri_to_id
            ('http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows')
   AND s = iri_to_id
            ('http://kingsley.idehen.net/dataspace/person/kidehen#this')
   AND o = iri_to_id
            ('http://id.myopenlink.net/dataspace/person/KingsleyUyiIdehen#this')
;

## According to SPARQL 1.1 Update, the FROM clause which scopes the
## query to a single graph is optional. Thus, the SQL query above can
## be rewritten to the SPARQL query below, again deleting the matching
## triple from all graphs in the store:

DELETE
  {
    GRAPH ?g
     {
       <http://kingsley.idehen.net/dataspace/person/kidehen#this>
         <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows>
           <http://id.myopenlink.net/dataspace/person/KingsleyUyiIdehen#this>
     }
  }
WHERE
  {
    GRAPH ?g
      {
        <http://kingsley.idehen.net/dataspace/person/kidehen#this>
          <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows>
           <http://id.myopenlink.net/dataspace/person/KingsleyUyiIdehen#this>
      }
  }

Transitivity

Transitivity: Variant I

## "Find all the people known by Kingsley Idehen
## to a depth between 1 and 4 applications of
## the subquery":

SELECT ?o ?dist
       (
         (
           SELECT COUNT (*)
           WHERE
             {
               ?o foaf:knows ?xx
             }
         )
       )
WHERE
  {
    {
      SELECT ?s ?o
      WHERE
        {
          ?s foaf:knows ?o
        }
    }
    OPTION ( TRANSITIVE,
             t_distinct,
             t_in(?s),
             t_out(?o),
             t_min (1),
             t_max (4),
             t_step ('step_no') as ?dist ) .
    FILTER ( ?s = <http://id.myopenlink.net/dataspace/person/KingsleyUyiIdehen#this> )
  }
ORDER BY ?dist DESC 3
LIMIT 50

## See LOD live results.

Transitivity: Variant II

## Find all entities associated with the entity denoted by
## <http://id.myopenlink.net/dataspace/person/KingsleyUyiIdehen#this>
## via the foaf:knows relation.

## Do so in a manner that uses a Transitive Closure
## to include aggregates and distances between
## the entities in the foaf:knows relation

SELECT ?o ?dist
       (
         (
           SELECT COUNT (*)
           WHERE
             {
               ?o foaf:knows ?xx
             }
         )
       )
WHERE
  {
    {
      SELECT ?s ?o
      WHERE
        {
          ?s foaf:knows ?o
        }
    }
    OPTION ( TRANSITIVE,
             t_distinct,
             t_in(?s),
             t_out(?o),
             t_min (2),
             t_max (4) ,
             t_step ('step_no') as ?dist ) .
    FILTER ( ?s = <http://id.myopenlink.net/dataspace/person/KingsleyUyiIdehen#this> )
    FILTER ( !(isblank(?o))) .
  }
ORDER BY ?dist DESC 3
LIMIT 50

## See LOD live results.

Transitivity using Named Graphs

## Determine how two entities (type: Person)
## are connected using the foaf:knows relation:

SELECT ?link ?g ?step ?path
WHERE
  {
    {
      SELECT ?s ?o ?g
      WHERE
        {
          graph ?g {?s foaf:knows ?o }
        }
    }
    OPTION ( TRANSITIVE,
             t_distinct,
             t_in(?s),
             t_out(?o),
             t_no_cycles,
             t_shortest_only,
             t_step (?s) as ?link,
             t_step ('path_id') as ?path,
             t_step ('step_no') as ?step,
             t_direction 3 ) .
    FILTER ( ?s = <http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card#i>
          && ?o = <http://myopenlink.net/dataspace/person/kidehen#this> )
  }
LIMIT 20

## See LOD live results.

Transitivity & Equivalence Relation (owl:sameAs)

## Find all co-referents of the
## IRI <http://dbpedia.org/resource/New_York>
## i.e., other IRIs that denote the same
## thing as <http://dbpedia.org/resource/New_York> .

SELECT ?syn
WHERE
  {
    {
      SELECT ?x ?syn
      WHERE
        {
          {
            ?x owl:sameAs ?syn
          }
          UNION
          {
            ?syn owl:sameAs ?x
          }
        }
    }
    OPTION ( transitive, t_in (?x), t_out (?syn), t_distinct, t_min (0) )
    FILTER ( ?x = <http://dbpedia.org/resource/New_York> ) .
  }

## See dbpedia live results.
## See LOD live results.

Transitivity, Equivalence Relation, and Named Graphs

## "Find all graphs that contain
## owl:sameAs for "New York":

SELECT ?g ?x count (*) as ?count
WHERE
  {
    {
      SELECT ?x ?alias ?g
      WHERE
        {
          {
            GRAPH ?g
              {
                ?x owl:sameAs ?alias
              }
          }
          UNION
          {
            GRAPH ?g
              {
                ?alias owl:sameAs ?x
            }
          }
        }
      }
    OPTION ( TRANSITIVE,
              t_in (?x),
              t_out (?alias),
              t_distinct,
              t_min (1)
           ) .
    FILTER ( ?x = <http://dbpedia.org/resource/New_York> ) .
  }

## See dbpedia live results.
## See LOD live results.

Transitive Closure, Named Graphs, via RDF Schema Subsumption Reasoning 1

## Transitivity enhanced Subsumption Reasoning

## Meaning: subClasses of subClasses are incorporated
## into the query solution by way of Transitive Closure

SELECT ?y
FROM <http://dbpedia.org/resource/classes/yago#>
WHERE
  {
    {
      SELECT *
      WHERE
        {
          ?x rdfs:subClassOf ?y .
        }
    }
    OPTION ( TRANSITIVE, t_distinct, t_in (?x), t_out (?y) ) .
    FILTER ( ?x = <http://dbpedia.org/class/yago/AlphaReceptor105609111> )
  }

## See dbpedia live results.

Transitive Closure, Named Graphs, via RDF Schema Subsumption Reasoning 2

## Transitivity enhanced Subsumption Reasoning

## Meaning: subClasses of subClasses of
## <http://dbpedia.org/class/yago/Receptor105608868>
## are incorporated into the query solution
## by way of Transitive Closure

SELECT ?y
FROM <http://dbpedia.org/resource/classes/yago#>
WHERE
  {
    {
      SELECT *
      WHERE
        {
          ?x rdfs:subClassOf ?y .
        }
    }
    OPTION ( TRANSITIVE, t_distinct, t_in (?y), t_out (?x) ) .
    FILTER ( ?y = <http://dbpedia.org/class/yago/Receptor105608868> )
  }

## See dbpedia live results.

Transitivity enhanced Relatedness between two entities

## Incorporate Transitive Closures into determining 10
## relations that associate the entity denoted by
## <http://dbpedia.org/resource/New_York>
## with other entities

SELECT DISTINCT ?s ?p ?o
       bif:either(isIri(?o),'URI',datatype(?o)) AS ?type
WHERE
  {
    ?anchor ?pp ?s
    OPTION ( TRANSITIVE,
               t_min (0),
               t_max (2),
               t_in (?anchor),
               t_out (?s),
               t_no_cycles,
               t_distinct ) .
    FILTER ( ?anchor = <http://dbpedia.org/resource/New_York>)
    ?s ?p ?o .
  }
ORDER BY ?s
LIMIT 100

## See dbpedia live results.
## See LOD live results.

Inference Rules & Reasoning

Inference Rule Creation & Loading

## Create an Inference Rule denoted by the
## literal identifier "skos-trans"

PREFIX skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>

INSERT INTO GRAPH <urn:rules.skos>
  {
    skos:broader rdfs:subPropertyOf skos:broaderTransitive .
    skos:narrower rdfs:subPropertyOf skos:narrowerTransitive
  };

rdfs_rule_set ('skos-trans', 'urn:rules.skos');

Inference Rule: SKOS Concept Scheme Example 1

## Find entities that are subcategories of "category:Protestant_churches"
## placed no deeper than 3 levels within the concept
## scheme hierarchy, filtered by a specific subcategory.
## This query demonstrates use of Inference Rule Context,
## sub-queries, and FILTER to find entities
## associated with "category:Protestant_churches".
## It also leverages the use of the TRANSITIVE OPTION
## which sets a 3-level traversal down a SKOS concept scheme hierarchy.

DEFINE input:inference "skos-trans"

PREFIX p: <http://dbpedia.org/property/>
PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/>
PREFIX category: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#>
PREFIX geo: <http://www.georss.org/georss/>

SELECT DISTINCT ?c AS ?skos_broader
       ?trans AS ?skos_narrower
       ?dist AS ?skos_level
       ?m ?n ?p AS ?geo_point
WHERE
  {
    {
      SELECT ?c ?m ?n ?p ?trans ?dist
      WHERE
        {
          ?m rdfs:label ?n .
          ?m skos:subject ?c .
          ?c skos:broaderTransitive
              category:Protestant_churches .
          ?c skos:broaderTransitive ?trans
            OPTION ( TRANSITIVE,
                     t_distinct,
                     t_in (?c),
                     t_out (?trans),
                     t_max (3),
                     t_step ( 'step_no' ) as ?dist
                   ) .
          ?m p:abstract ?d .
          ?m geo:point ?p
          FILTER ( lang(?n) = "en" )
          FILTER ( lang(?d) = "en" )
        }
    }
    FILTER ( ?trans =
      <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Churches_in_London> )
  }
ORDER BY ASC (?dist)

## See URIBurner live results.

Inference Rule: SKOS Concept Scheme Example 2

## This query makes use of Transitivity,
## Inference Rule Context, Sub-Queries and FILTERs:

SPARQL
DEFINE input:inference "skos-trans"
PREFIX p: <http://dbpedia.org/property/>
PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/>
PREFIX category: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#>
PREFIX geo: <http://www.georss.org/georss/>

SELECT DISTINCT ?m ?n ?p ?d
WHERE
  {
    ?m rdfs:label ?n .
    ?m skos:subject ?c .
    ?c skos:broaderTransitive category:Churches_in_Paris
        OPTION (TRANSITIVE) .
    ?m p:abstract ?d .
    ?m geo:point ?p
    FILTER ( lang(?n) = "fr" )
    FILTER ( lang(?d) = "fr" )
  }

## See URIBurner live results.

Inference Rule: Yago Class hierarchy

## Execution of SQL stored procedure for loading
## Yago Class hierarchy rule into a Named Graph
SELECT ttlp_mt
  (
    file_to_string_output ( 'yago-class-hierarchy_en.nt'),
    '',
    'http://dbpedia.org/resource/classes/yago#'
  );

## Create an Inference Rule that references
## the Yago Class Hierarchy Named Graph

rdfs_rule_set
  (
    'http://dbpedia.org/resource/inference/rules/yago#',
    'http://dbpedia.org/resource/classes/yago#'
  );

DBpedia Inference rule Example

## Retrieve all individuals instances
## of Fiction Class which should include all Novels":

DEFINE input:inference "http://dbpedia.org/resource/inference/rules/yago#"
PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/property/>
PREFIX yago: <http://dbpedia.org/class/yago/>
SELECT ?s ?n
FROM <http://dbpedia.org>
WHERE
  {
    ?s a <http://dbpedia.org/class/yago/Fiction106367107> .
    ?s dbpedia:name ?n .
  }

## See dbpedia live results.

DBpedia Inference rule Example with Literal Value

## Find all Fiction Books associated with a
## property "dbpedia:name" that has literal
## value: "The Lord of the Rings":

DEFINE input:inference "http://dbpedia.org/resource/inference/rules/yago#"
PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/property/>
PREFIX yago: <http://dbpedia.org/class/yago/>

SELECT ?s
FROM <http://dbpedia.org>
WHERE
{
?s a <http://dbpedia.org/class/yago/Fiction106367107> .
?s dbpedia:name "The Lord of the Rings"@en .
}

## See dbpedia live results.

DBpedia Inference rule Example with Virtuoso's Full Text Index extension via bif:contains

## Variant with Virtuoso's Full Text Index
## extension via the bif:contains
## function/magic predicate

DEFINE input:inference "http://dbpedia.org/resource/inference/rules/yago#"
PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
PREFIX dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/property/>
PREFIX yago: <http://dbpedia.org/class/yago/>

SELECT ?s ?n
FROM <http://dbpedia.org>
WHERE
{
  ?s a <http://dbpedia.org/class/yago/Fiction106367107> .
  ?s dbpedia:name ?n .
  ?n bif:contains 'Lord and Rings'
}

## See dbpedia live results.

Inference Rule: Relationship Vocab "urn:owl:inference:tests"

## "Relationship Vocabulary":

## Create Instance Data for Relationship Ontology
## Verify Ontology Data is in Quad Store
## Ontology: <http://vocab.org/relationship/> (Relationship Ontology)
## Use pragma to put latest in Quad store.

DEFINE get:soft "replace"
SELECT *
FROM <http://vocab.org/relationship/>
WHERE
  {
    ?s ?p ?o
  }
## Clean up instance data graph

CLEAR GRAPH <urn:owl:inference:tests>
## Create Instance Data for Relationship Ontology
PREFIX rel: <http://purl.org/vocab/relationship/>

INSERT into GRAPH <urn:owl:inference:tests>
  {
    <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Prince_William_of_Wales> rel:siblingOf <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Prince_Harry_of_Wales> .
    <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon> rel:ancestorOf <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom> .
    <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom> rel:ancestorOf
    <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Charles%2C_Prince_of_Wales> .
    <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Charles%2C_Prince_of_Wales> rel:ancestorOf <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Prince_William_of_Wales> .
  };

## Verify Data

SELECT *
FROM <urn:owl:inference:tests>
WHERE
  {
    ?s ?p ?o
  }

## SQL mode
## Load data for http://vocab.org/relationship/

sparql clear graph <http://vocab.org/relationship/>;
sparql load <http://vocab.org/relationship/.turtle> into <http://vocab.org/relationship/>;

## Create Inference Rule that references the
## Relationship Ontology Named Graph

rdfs_rule_set ('urn:owl:inference:rules:tests', 'http://vocab.org/relationship/') ;

## Verify Rule's existence

SELECT *
FROM sys_rdf_schema;

owl:TransitiveProperty Reasoning

## Test owl:TransitiveProperty Reasoning
## Start with a specific URI
## Goal: See inferred Triples
## In this case, relationship between:
    <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon>
## and her descendants:
    Queen Elizabeth, Prince Charles, Prince William, and Prince Harry)

DEFINE input:inference 'urn:owl:inference:rules:tests'
PREFIX rel: <http://purl.org/vocab/relationship/>

SELECT *
FROM <urn:owl:inference:tests>
WHERE
  {
    <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon>
    rel:ancestorOf ?o
  }

## See URIBurner live results.
## See Tutorial Demonstrating Reasoning via SPARQL

owl:SymmetricalProperty Reasoning

## Test owl:SymmetricalProperty Reasoning
## Should show same result irrespective of
## rel:siblingOf URI in Subject or Object slots of Triple

DEFINE input:inference 'urn:owl:inference:rules:tests'
PREFIX rel: <http://purl.org/vocab/relationship/>
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>

SELECT *
FROM <urn:owl:inference:tests>
WHERE
  {
    <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Prince_William_of_Wales>
    rel:siblingOf ?o
  }

## See URIBurner live results.
## See Tutorial Demonstrating Reasoning via SPARQL

owl:SymmetricalProperty Reasoning Variant II

## Test owl:SymmetricalProperty Reasoning
## Should show same result irrespective of
## rel:siblingOf URI in Subject or Object slots of Triple

DEFINE input:inference 'urn:owl:inference:rules:tests'
PREFIX rel: <http://purl.org/vocab/relationship/>
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>

SELECT *
FROM <urn:owl:inference:tests>
WHERE
  {
    ?s rel:siblingOf
    <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Prince_William_of_Wales>
    OPTION (TRANSITIVE,T_DISTINCT)
  }

## See URIBurner live results.

owl:inverseOf Reasoning

## Test owl:inverseOf Reasoning
## Should show triples exposing the inverseOf relation.
## In this case rel:ancestorOf instance data
## triples exist, so the system must infer
## rel:descendant Of triples

DEFINE input:inference 'urn:owl:inference:rules:tests'
PREFIX rel: <http://purl.org/vocab/relationship/>

SELECT *
FROM <urn:owl:inference:tests>
WHERE
  {
    <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom>
    rel:descendantOf ?o
  }

## See URIBurner live results.
## See Tutorial Demonstrating Reasoning via SPARQL

owl:inverseOf Reasoning Variant II

## Test owl:inverseOf Reasoning
## Should show triples exposing the inverseOf relation.
## In this case rel:ancestorOf instance data
## triples exist, so the system must infer
## rel:descendant Of triples

DEFINE input:inference 'urn:owl:inference:rules:tests'
PREFIX rel: <http://purl.org/vocab/relationship/>

SELECT *
FROM <urn:owl:inference:tests>
WHERE
  {
    <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Prince_William_of_Wales>
    rel:descendantOf ?o OPTION (T_DISTINCT)
  }

## See URIBurner live results.

Inference Rule: Relationship Vocab and SKOS "urn:owl.test2.rules"

## "Relationship Vocabulary and SKOS":

## Graph Cleanup

SPARQL
CLEAR GRAPH <urn:owl.test2.tbox>;
SPARQL
CLEAR GRAPH <urn:turnguard.com:test2.tbox>;

## Load Instance Data into Quad Store
## PL Procedure

## SQL realm

DB.DBA.RDF_LOAD_RDFXML
  (
    http_get('http://www.w3.org/2009/08/skos-reference/skos-owl1-dl.rdf'),
    'no',
    'urn:owl.test2.tbox'
  );

DB.DBA.RDF_LOAD_RDFXML
  (
    http_get ('http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl.rdf'),
    'no',
    'urn:owl.test2.tbox'
    );

SPARQL
PREFIX rdf:   <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
PREFIX turng: <http://www.turnguard.com/>
PREFIX skos:  <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#>

INSERT
  {
    GRAPH <urn:turnguard.com:test2.tbox>
      {
        turng:Music rdf:type skos:Concept .
        turng:Music skos:prefLabel "Music"@en .
        turng:Music skos:narrower turng:Pop .

        turng:Pop rdf:type skos:Concept .
        turng:Pop skos:prefLabel "POP"@en .
        turng:Pop skos:narrower turng:TechnoPop .

        turng:TechnoPop rdf:type skos:Concept .
        turng:TechnoPop skos:prefLabel "TECHNOPOP"@en .
        turng:TechnoPop skos:narrower turng:ElectroPop .

        turng:ElectroPop rdf:type skos:Concept .
        turng:ElectroPop skos:prefLabel "ELECTROPOP"@en .
      }
  };

SPARQL
SELECT * from <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core>
WHERE
  {
    {
      <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#related> ?p ?o
    }
    UNION
    {
      ?s ?p <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#related>
    }
  };

## Create Rules

## SQL Realm

rdfs_rule_set ('urn:owl.test2.rules', 'urn:owl.test2.tbox');

Example based on Relationship Vocab and SKOS

## Transitivity Query with SKOS concept hierarchy

DEFINE input:inference "urn:owl.test2.rules"
PREFIX skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#>
SELECT *
FROM <urn:turnguard.com:test2.tbox>
WHERE
  {
    <http://www.turnguard.com/ElectroPop> skos:broaderTransitive ?o
    OPTION (T_DISTINCT).
  }

## See URIBurner live results.

Inference Rule: "foaf-trans"

## "Negation using "COUNT"":
## with inference: "Find celebrities which"
## are not fans of their own fans:

SPARQL
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX sioc: <http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#>

INSERT INTO GRAPH <urn:rules.sioc>
  {
    foaf:knows rdfs:subPropertyOf sioc:follows .
  };

rdfs_rule_set ('foaf-trans', 'urn:rules.sioc');

Negation: COUNT with inference

## "Negation using "COUNT"
## with inference: "Find celebrities which"
## are not fans of their own fans":

SPARQL
DEFINE input:inference "foaf-trans"
PREFIX sioc: <http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#>

SELECT ?celeb COUNT (*)
WHERE
  {
    ?claimant sioc:follows ?celeb .
    FILTER
      (
        !bif:exists
          (
            (
              SELECT (1)
              WHERE
                {
                  ?celeb sioc:follows ?claimant
                }
            )
          )
      )
  }
GROUP BY ?celeb
ORDER BY DESC 2
LIMIT 10

## See URIBurner live results.

Negation: COUNT without inference

## "Negation with "COUNT"
## without inference":

PREFIX sioc: <http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#>
SELECT ?celeb COUNT (*)
WHERE
  {
    ?claimant sioc:follows ?celeb .
    FILTER
      (
        !bif:exists
          (
            (
              SELECT (1)
              WHERE
                {
                  ?celeb sioc:follows ?claimant
                }
            )
          )
      )
  }
GROUP BY ?celeb
ORDER BY DESC 2
LIMIT 10

## See URIBurner live results.

Co-reference Union Expansion Inference Rule Example

## "Conditional use of owl:sameAs inference rule":

DEFINE input:same-as "yes"

PREFIX geonames: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#>
SELECT ?s ?z
WHERE
  {
    ?s geonames:parentFeature ?z
  }
LIMIT 100

## See URIBurner live results.

SPARQL-BI

SPARQL-BI Condition Example bif:either

## "Condition usage of
bif:either ( in cond any,
             in arg1 any,
             in arg2 any )
built-in SQL function":

PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/>
PREFIX dbp: <http://dbpedia.org/property/>
SELECT ?team
      ( ( bif:either( ?ew = 'W', -1, 1)) * (?d + (((?m * 60) + ?s) / 3600.0)) as ?v )
  {
    ?team a dbo:HockeyTeam .
    ?team rdfs:label 'New Jersey Devils'@en .
    ?team dbp:city ?cityname .
    ?city rdfs:label ?cityname .
    ?city dbp:longd ?d ;
          dbp:longm ?m ;
          dbp:longs ?s ;
        dbp:longew ?ew .
  }

SPARQL-BI Condition Example bif:locate

## "Usage of
bif:locate ( in string_exp1 varchar,
             in string_exp2 varchar,
             [in start integer] )
built-in SQL function":

PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/>
PREFIX dbp: <http://dbpedia.org/property/>
SELECT ?team
      ( ( bif:locate( 'W', ?ew )) * (?d + (((?m * 60) + ?s) / 3600.0)) as ?v )
  {
    ?team a dbo:HockeyTeam .
    ?team rdfs:label 'New Jersey Devils'@en .
    ?team dbp:city ?cityname .
    ?city rdfs:label ?cityname .
    ?city dbp:longd ?d ;
          dbp:longm ?m ;
          dbp:longs ?s ;
        dbp:longew ?ew .
  }

BOUND Expressions

FILTER with "!BOUND()" expression Example

## "Usage of FILTER .. !BOUND()" expression
## It should be used with an OPTIONAL.
## Without OPTIONAL all variables from triple
## patterns will be bound in every result by definition."

SELECT DISTINCT ?s
WHERE
  {
    ?s <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/position> ?pos.
    ?s <http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject>
      <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:Premier_League_clubsgt>.
    ?s <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#typegt>
      <http://dbpedia.org/class/yago/PremierLeagueClubs>.
    OPTIONAL {?s <http://dbpedia.org/property/leaguegt> ?o.}
    FILTER (!BOUND (?o))
  }
LIMIT 10

IFP Inferences

Inverse Functional Properties and Same As

## "Usage of IFP inference as a transparent
## addition of a subquery into the join sequence."

SELECT ?f
WHERE
{
  ?k foaf:name "Kjetil Kjernsmo" .
  {
    SELECT ?org ?syn
    WHERE
      {
        ?org ?p ?key .
        ?syn ?p ?key .
        FILTER
          ( bif:rdf_is_sub
            ( "b3sifp", ?p, <b3s:any_ifp>, 3 )
          &&
          ?syn != ?org
          )
      }
  }
  OPTION
    (
      TRANSITIVE ,
      T_IN (?org),
      T_OUT (?syn),
      T_MIN (0),
      T_MAX (1)
    )
  FILTER ( ?org = ?k ) .
  ?syn foaf:knows ?f .
}
## See URIBurner live results.

Tutorial V:Covers SPARQL Extensions for:Aggregates, Date Arithmetic, Updates, Deletes, Sub-queries, Path Expressions and Inference Rules

Live Instances

Sub-Queries

Sub-queries

Scalar Subquery and Existence

Nested DISTINCT subquery with Scalars and Order By

Distinctive Shared Interests

SPARQL Subquery for enabling literal values based joins: Variant I

SPARQL Subquery for enabling literal values based joins: Variant II

Path Expressions

Path Expressions

Find all names and optionally mailboxes of friends

Full Text Queries & Text Scores Filtering

Full Text Queries & Text Scores Filtering

Text Scores

Entity Ranking & Score

Entity Ranking & Score

Entity Ranking

Entity Ranking and Score

XCONTAINS & IN Operator

XCONTAINS & IN Operator

XCONTAINS

Operator IN

Negation

Negation

Negation: DISTINCT

Negation: DESCRIBE

Aggregates

Aggregates

MAX

SUM

Date Arithmetic

Date Arithmetic

Calculate Age based on Birth and Death Dates

Calculated Death Age using Data Cleansed Dates

Calculate Age and Order by Entity Rank

Calculate Average Death Age

Calculate Average Death Age with Entity Rank

Calculate Average Death Age with Entity Rank and Pretty Labels

Average Age, Entity Rank, Grouping and Pretty Labels

Using bif:dateadd in selective Index-Friendly Filter

Text Search

Text Search

SQL and TEXT Search

Extending SPARQL via SQL for Full Text search: Variant I

Extending SPARQL via SQL for Full Text search: Variant II

Dates Manipulation

Dates Manipulation

Date manipulation for xsd types within SPARQL

Date Range within SPARQL

Date with range Example II

Calling SQL from SPARQL

Calling SQL from SPARQL

Calling SQL from SPARQL via "sql" namespace prefix

Calling SQL from SPARQL via "bif" namespace prefix

SPARUL Features

SPARUL Features

DESCRIBE

INSERT

INSERT via CONSTRUCT

LOAD

DELETE

UPDATE

MODIFY

SPARQL 1.1 Features

SPARQL 1.1 Features

NOT EXISTS

MINUS

DELETE Triple Patterns that are Not Scoped to a Named Graph

Transitivity

Transitivity

Transitivity: Variant I

Transitivity: Variant II

Transitivity using Named Graphs

Transitivity & Equivalence Relation (owl:sameAs)

Transitivity, Equivalence Relation, and Named Graphs

Transitive Closure, Named Graphs, via RDF Schema Subsumption Reasoning 1

Transitive Closure, Named Graphs, via RDF Schema Subsumption Reasoning 2

Transitivity enhanced Relatedness between two entities

Inference Rules & Reasoning

Tutorial V:
Covers SPARQL Extensions for:
Aggregates, Date Arithmetic, Updates, Deletes,
Sub-queries, Path Expressions and Inference Rules